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Vte 3.1.2 Soldaderas Demographic profile 2010 1990 1970 1940, Africans first came to the New World with Christopher Columbus in 1492 Juan Las Canaries was a crewman on Columbus' flagship the Santa Maria Not much longer after the first enslavement occurred in what would later be the United States in 1508 Ponce de Leon established the first settlement near present-day San Juan and began enslaving the indigenous Tainos in 1513 to supplement the dwindling Tainos population the first African slaves were imported to Puerto Rico. ! ; . Although most slaves had lives that were very restricted in terms of their movements and agency exceptions existed to virtually every generalization; for instance there were also slaves who had considerable freedom in their daily lives: slaves allowed to rent out their labor and who might live independently of their master in cities slaves who employed white workers and slave doctors who treated upper-class white patients. After 1820 in response to the inability to import new slaves from Africa and in part to abolitionist criticism some slaveholders improved the living conditions of their slaves to encourage them to be productive and to try to prevent escapes it was part of a paternalistic approach in the antebellum era that was encouraged by ministers trying to use Christianity to improve the treatment of slaves Slaveholders published articles in southern agricultural journals to share best practices in treatment and management of slaves; they intended to show that their system was better than the living conditions of northern industrial workers. .

. 1996 85.2% 158,220 9.3% 17,339, Slave traders were men of low reputation even in the South in the 1828 presidential election candidate Andrew Jackson was strongly criticized by opponents as a slave trader who transacted in slaves in defiance of modern standards or morality, Washington Gas is the city's natural gas utility and serves over one million customers in the District and its suburbs Incorporated by Congress in 1848 the company installed the city's first gas lights in the Capitol the White House and along Pennsylvania Avenue.