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; . Countries that currently have multiple capital cities The Revolution along with the Dutch Revolt (end of the 16th century) and the 17th century English Civil War was among the examples of overthrowing an old regime for many Europeans who later were active during the era of the French Revolution such as the Marquis de Lafayette the American Declaration of Independence influenced the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1789 the spirit of the Declaration of Independence led to laws ending slavery in all the Northern states and the Northwest Territory with New Jersey the last in 1804 States such as New Jersey and New York adopted gradual emancipation which kept some people as slaves for more than two decades longer. Washington grew restless in retirement prompted by tensions with France and he wrote to Secretary of War James McHenry offering to organize President Adams' army. In a continuation of the French Revolutionary Wars French privateers began seizing American ships in 1798 and relations deteriorated with France and led to the "Quasi-War" Without consulting Washington Adams nominated him for a lieutenant general commission on July 4 1798 and the position of commander-in-chief of the armies. Washington chose to accept replacing James Wilkinson and he served as the commanding general from July 13 1798 until his death 17 months later He participated in planning for a provisional army but he avoided involvement in details in advising McHenry of potential officers for the army he appeared to make a complete break with Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans: "you could as soon scrub the blackamoor white as to change the principles of a profest Democrat; and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the government of this country." Washington delegated the active leadership of the army to Hamilton a major general No army invaded the United States during this period and Washington did not assume a field command. . Main article: Liberalism in the United States Jefferson City Missouri was selected as the state capital in 1821 the year after Missouri was admitted to the Union due to its central location within the state It is almost halfway between Missouri's two largest cities Kansas City in the west and St Louis in the east although Kansas City was not incorporated until 1850.

In 1864 Confederate general Jubal Early raided Washington D.C while Lincoln watched from an exposed position; Captain Oliver Wendell Holmes shouted at him "Get down you damn fool before you get shot!":434, Roots of the conflict in North Mexico Abolition of slavery by Congressional action 1861. About 600,000 slaves were transported to America or 5% of the 12 million slaves taken from Africa About 310,000 of these persons were imported into the Thirteen Colonies before 1776: 40% directly and the rest from the Caribbean, blacks % Free After burning the Capitol the British turned northwest up Pennsylvania Avenue toward the White House After US government officials and President Madison fled the city the First Lady Dolley Madison received a letter from her husband urging her to be prepared to leave Washington at a moment's notice. Dolley organized the slaves and staff to save valuables from the British. James Madison's personal slave the fifteen-year-old boy Paul Jennings was an eyewitness. After later buying his freedom from the widow Dolley Madison Jennings published his memoir in 1865 considered the first from the White House:. A seated Lincoln holding a book as his young son looks at it, Movement of slaves between 1790 and 1860, Barbary pirates The American colonials proclaimed "no taxation without representation" starting with the Stamp Act Congress in 1765 They rejected the authority of the British Parliament to tax them because they had no representatives in that governing body Protests steadily escalated to the Boston Massacre in 1770 and the burning of the Gaspee in Rhode Island in 1772 followed by the Boston Tea Party in December 1773 the British responded by closing Boston Harbor and enacting a series of punitive laws which effectively rescinded Massachusetts Bay Colony's rights of self-government the other colonies rallied behind Massachusetts and a group of American Patriot leaders set up their own government in late 1774 at the Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance of Britain; other colonists retained their allegiance to the Crown and were known as Loyalists or Tories. !