Washington D.C. Business Directory Mexico's military and diplomatic capabilities declined after it attained independence from Spain in 1821 and left the northern one-half of the country vulnerable to the Comanche Apache and Navajo native Americans the Comanche in particular took advantage of the Mexican state to undertake large-scale raids hundreds of miles into the country to acquire livestock for their own use and to supply an expanding market in Texas and the U.S. Slave trade The impeachment trial of President Clinton in 1999 Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding, Consequently many black and white religious organizations former Union Army officers and soldiers and wealthy philanthropists were inspired to create and fund educational efforts specifically for the betterment of African Americans; some African Americans had started their own schools before the end of the war Northerners helped create numerous normal schools such as those that became Hampton University and Tuskegee University to generate teachers as well as other colleges for former slaves Blacks held teaching as a high calling with education the first priority for children and adults Many of the most talented went into the field Some of the schools took years to reach a high standard but they managed to get thousands of teachers started as W E B Du Bois noted the black colleges were not perfect but "in a single generation they put thirty thousand black teachers in the South" and "wiped out the illiteracy of the majority of black people in the land".
. Early in 1775 in response to the growing rebellious movement including the Boston Tea Party Parliament sent British troops commanded by General Thomas Gage to occupy Boston disband the local provincial government and quell the growing state of rebellion the British set up fortifications about the city making it impervious to attack in response various state militias surrounded the city and effectively trapped the British resulting in a standoff. In late 1778 General Clinton shipped 3,000 troops from New York to Georgia and launched a Southern invasion against Savannah reinforced by 2,000 British and Loyalist troops They repelled an attack by Patriots and French naval forces which bolstered the British war effort; . See also: Thirteen Colonies 2.2 California Ottawa Ontario Canada (1857) The city became the staging area for what became the Manassas Campaign When Brig Gen Irvin McDowell's beaten and demoralized army staggered back into Washington after the stunning Confederate victory at the First Battle of Bull Run the realization came that the war might be prolonged and efforts began to fortify the city in case of a Confederate assault Lincoln knew he had to have a professional and trained army to protect the Capital area and therefore began by organizing the Department on the Potomac on August 4 1861, and the Army of the Potomac 16 days later. .
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