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In the 19th century proponents of slavery often defended the institution as a "necessary evil" White people of that time feared that emancipation of black slaves would have more harmful social and economic consequences than the continuation of slavery in 1820 Thomas Jefferson one of the Founding Fathers of the United States wrote in a letter that with slavery:, Taylor died in July 1850 and was succeeded by Vice President Fillmore who had privately come to support Clay's proposal the various bills were initially combined into one "omnibus" bill Despite Clay's efforts it failed in a crucial vote on July 31 opposed by southern Democrats and by northern Whigs He announced on the Senate floor the next day that he intended to pass each individual part of the bill the 73-year-old Clay however was physically exhausted as the effects of tuberculosis which would eventually kill him began to take their toll Clay left the Senate to recuperate in Newport Rhode Island and Senator Stephen A Douglas took the lead in attempting to pass Clay's proposals through the Senate. United States: Two southern states were proposed by Senator John Bell with the assent of Texas in February 1850 New Mexico would get all Texas land north of the 34th parallel north including today's Texas Panhandle while the area to the south including the southeastern part of today's New Mexico would be divided at the Colorado River of Texas into two Southern states balancing the admission of California and New Mexico as free states. . 10.2 Citations In his 1885 memoirs former US President Ulysses Grant (himself a veteran of the Mexican war) attributed Mexico's defeat to the poor quality of their army writing:. Judicial appointments Washington became "America's first spymaster" by designing an espionage system against the British in 1778 Major Benjamin Tallmadge formed the Culper Ring at Washington's direction to covertly collect information about the British in New York. Washington had disregarded incidents of disloyalty by Benedict Arnold who had distinguished himself in many battles, Abbreviations DC D.C 18 External links Main articles: Commemoration of the American Revolution and United States Bicentennial. Designs on California Slavery Painting of four men conferring in a ship's cabin entitled "The Peacemakers".

. . . The Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include income taxes without apportionment among the several States and without regard to any census or enumeration the Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds and this power of the purse is one of Congress's primary checks on the executive branch. Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states and coin money. Generally both the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative authority although only the House may originate revenue and appropriation bills. Source:"Distribution of Slaves in US History" Retrieved May 13 2010, Main article: Library of Congress. . .