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Congress passed the Organic Act of 1871 which repealed the individual charters of the cities of Washington and Georgetown and created a new territorial government for the whole District of Columbia. President Grant appointed Alexander Robey Shepherd to the position of governor in 1873 Shepherd authorized large-scale projects that greatly modernized the City of Washington but ultimately bankrupted the District government in 1874 Congress replaced the territorial government with an appointed three-member Board of Commissioners. Lincoln's declared philosophy on court nominations was that "we cannot ask a man what he will do and if we should and he should answer us we should despise him for it Therefore we must take a man whose opinions are known.":471 Lincoln made five appointments to the United States Supreme Court Noah Haynes Swayne was chosen as an anti-slavery lawyer who was committed to the Union Samuel Freeman Miller supported Lincoln in the 1860 election and was an avowed abolitionist David Davis was Lincoln's campaign manager in 1860 and had served as a judge in Lincoln's Illinois court circuit Democrat Stephen Johnson Field a previous California Supreme Court justice provided geographic and political balance Finally Lincoln's Treasury Secretary Salmon P Chase became Chief Justice Lincoln believed Chase was an able jurist would support Reconstruction legislation and that his appointment united the Republican Party.:245. Blizzards affect Washington on average once every four to six years the most violent storms are called "nor'easters" which often affect large sections of the East Coast. From January 27 to January 28 1922 the city officially received 28 inches (71 cm) of snowfall the largest snowstorm since official measurements began in 1885. According to notes kept at the time the city received between 30 and 36 inches (76 and 91 cm) from a snowstorm in January 1772! .

Further information: List of capitals in the United States, 4.6 Slave codes The District is known for its medical research institutions such as Washington Hospital Center and the Children's National Medical Center as well as the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda Maryland in addition the city is home to three medical schools and associated teaching hospitals at George Washington Georgetown and Howard universities. In 1777 the British sent Burgoyne's invasion force from Canada south to New York to seal off New England Their aim was to isolate New England which the British perceived as the primary source of agitation Rather than move north to support Burgoyne the British army in New York City went to Philadelphia in a major case of mis-coordination capturing it from Washington the invasion army under Burgoyne was much too slow and became trapped in northern New York state it surrendered after the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 From early October 1777 until November 15 a siege distracted British troops at Fort Mifflin Philadelphia Pennsylvania and allowed Washington time to preserve the Continental Army by safely leading his troops to harsh winter quarters at Valley Forge; ; California: the executive and legislative branches and most government agencies are based in Sacramento but the California Supreme Court is headquartered in San Francisco Texas annexation The traditional constraints gave way to more liberal conditions for women Patriarchy faded as an ideal; young people had more freedom to choose their spouses and more often used birth control to regulate the size of their families Society emphasized the role of mothers in child rearing especially the patriotic goal of raising republican children rather than those locked into aristocratic value systems There was more permissiveness in child-rearing Patriot women married to Loyalists who left the state could get a divorce and obtain control of the ex-husband's property. Whatever gains they had made however women still found themselves subordinated legally and socially to their husbands disfranchised and usually with only the role of mother open to them But some women earned livelihoods as midwives and in other roles in the community which were not originally recognized as significant by men. Main article: Lobbying in the United States, Anti-guerrilla campaign 2 Political representation, Union soldiers manning the Lower Battery at the north end of Chain Bridge in 1862.