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Based on a 1757 portrait by John Wollaston In ancient China where governments were massive centralized bureaucracies with little flexibility on the provincial level a dynasty could easily be toppled with the fall of its capital in the Three Kingdoms period both Shu and Wu fell when their respective capitals of Chengdu and Jianye fell the Ming dynasty relocated its capital from Nanjing to Beijing where they could more effectively control the generals and troops guarding the borders from Mongols and Manchus the Ming was destroyed when Li Zicheng took their seat of power and this pattern repeats itself in Chinese history until the fall of the traditional Confucian monarchy in the 20th century After the Qing dynasty's collapse decentralization of authority and improved transportation and communication technologies allowed both the Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists to rapidly relocate capitals and keep their leadership structures intact during the great crisis of Japanese invasion. Despite the ban slave imports continued through smugglers bringing in slaves past the U.S Navy's African Slave Trade Patrol to South Carolina and overland from Texas and Florida both under Spanish control. Congress increased the punishment associated with importing slaves classifying it in 1820 as an act of piracy with smugglers subject to harsh penalties including death if caught After that "it is unlikely that more than 10,000 [slaves] were successfully landed in the United States." But some smuggling of slaves into the United States continued until just before the start of the Civil War; see Wanderer (slave ship) and Clotilde (slave ship). . The term Founding Fathers is sometimes used to refer to the Signers of the embossed version of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Signers is not be confused with the term Framers; the Framers are defined by the National Archives as those 55 individuals who were appointed to be delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention and took part in drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States Of the 55 Framers only 39 were signers of the Constitution. Two further groupings of Founding Fathers include: 1) those who signed the Continental Association a trade ban and one of the colonists' first collective volleys protesting British control and the Intolerable Acts in 1774, or 2) those who signed the Articles of Confederation the first U.S constitutional document! Some accounts report that Washington opposed flogging but at times sanctioned its use generally as a last resort on both male and female slaves. Washington used both reward and punishment to encourage discipline and productivity in his slaves He tried appealing to an individual's sense of pride gave better blankets and clothing to the "most deserving" and motivated his slaves with cash rewards He believed "watchfulness and admonition" to be often better deterrents against transgressions but would punish those who "will not do their duty by fair means." Punishment ranged in severity from demotion back to fieldwork through whipping and beatings to permanent separation from friends and family by sale Historian Ron Chernow maintains that overseers were required to warn slaves before resorting to the lash and required Washington's written permission before whipping though his extended absences did not always permit this. Washington remained dependent on slave labor to work his farms and negotiated the purchase of more slaves in 1786 and 1787, Comanches of West Texas in war regalia c 1830 Occupations "Fancy ladies" Slavery was the single most contentious issue in the writing and approval of the Constitution of the United States in it the words "slave" and "slavery" do not appear although several provisions clearly refer to it the Constitution did not prohibit and therefore tacitly permitted slavery. Domestic issues Thomas Lynch Jr. South Carolina 1 Yes In early 1778 the French responded to Burgoyne's defeat and entered into a Treaty of Alliance with the Americans the Continental Congress ratified the treaty in May which amounted to a French declaration of war against Britain the British evacuated Philadelphia for New York that June and Washington summoned a war council of American and French Generals He chose a partial attack on the retreating British at the Battle of Monmouth; the British were commanded by Howe's successor General Henry Clinton Generals Charles Lee and Lafayette moved with 4,000 men without Washington's knowledge and bungled their first attack on June 28 Washington relieved Lee and achieved a draw after an expansive battle at nightfall the British continued their retreat to New York and Washington moved his army outside the city. Monmouth was Washington's last battle in the North; he valued the safety of his army more than towns with little value to the British. .

. . George Boxley Rebellion (1815) The National Gallery of Art is one of the largest art museums in the world, Presidency Origin Related topics[show] George W Getty. . .