Coughlin Timothy L Esq

. See also: Presidency of Franklin Pierce and Origins of the American Civil War, The Parliament at Westminster saw itself as the supreme lawmaking authority throughout all British possessions and thus entitled to levy any tax without colonial approval. They argued that the colonies were legally British corporations that were completely subordinate to the British parliament and pointed to numerous instances where Parliament had made laws binding on the colonies in the past. They did not see anything in the unwritten British constitution that made taxes special and noted that they had taxed American trade for decades Parliament insisted that the colonies effectively enjoyed a "virtual representation" as most British people did as only a small minority of the British population elected representatives to Parliament. Americans such as James Otis maintained that the Americans were not in fact virtually represented. ! Washington became "America's first spymaster" by designing an espionage system against the British in 1778 Major Benjamin Tallmadge formed the Culper Ring at Washington's direction to covertly collect information about the British in New York. Washington had disregarded incidents of disloyalty by Benedict Arnold who had distinguished himself in many battles.

9.2 Social context 9.1.3 Protestant Dissenters and the Great Awakening, Hospitals 1820 1,538,022 233,634 1,771,656 13% 9,638,453 18% Manifest destiny Bukittinggi West Sumatra Indonesia (1948) 6.2.3 Whiskey Rebellion Military hostilities begin! .