9.4 Patriots Northern philanthropists continued to support black education in the 20th century even as tensions rose within the black community exemplified by Booker T Washington and W E B Du Bois as to the proper emphasis between industrial and classical academic education at the college level an example of a major donor to Hampton Institute and Tuskegee was George Eastman who also helped fund health programs at colleges and in communities. Collaborating with Washington in the early decades of the 20th century philanthropist Julius Rosenwald provided matching funds for community efforts to build rural schools for black children He insisted on white and black cooperation in the effort wanting to ensure that white-controlled school boards made a commitment to maintain the schools By the 1930s local parents had helped raise funds (sometimes donating labor and land) to create over 5,000 rural schools in the South Other philanthropists such as Henry H Rogers and Andrew Carnegie each of whom had arisen from modest roots to become wealthy used matching fund grants to stimulate local development of libraries and schools. In 1885 Congress proclaimed Washington's birthday to be a federal holiday. Twentieth-century biographer Douglas Southall Freeman concluded "The great big thing stamped across that man is character." Modern historian David Hackett Fischer has expanded upon Freeman's assessment defining Washington's character as "integrity self-discipline courage absolute honesty resolve and decision but also forbearance decency and respect for others", 2.1 Constitution of the United States Canoers at Hanging Rocks on the South Branch in the 1890s. 1.2 Designs on California The American colonials proclaimed "no taxation without representation" starting with the Stamp Act Congress in 1765 They rejected the authority of the British Parliament to tax them because they had no representatives in that governing body Protests steadily escalated to the Boston Massacre in 1770 and the burning of the Gaspee in Rhode Island in 1772 followed by the Boston Tea Party in December 1773 the British responded by closing Boston Harbor and enacting a series of punitive laws which effectively rescinded Massachusetts Bay Colony's rights of self-government the other colonies rallied behind Massachusetts and a group of American Patriot leaders set up their own government in late 1774 at the Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance of Britain; other colonists retained their allegiance to the Crown and were known as Loyalists or Tories. When the Constitution was ratified in 1787 the ratio of the populations of large states to small states was roughly twelve to one the Connecticut Compromise gave every state large and small an equal vote in the Senate. Since each state has two senators residents of smaller states have more clout in the Senate than residents of larger states But since 1787 the population disparity between large and small states has grown; in 2006 for example California had seventy times the population of Wyoming. Critics such as constitutional scholar Sanford Levinson have suggested that the population disparity works against residents of large states and causes a steady redistribution of resources from "large states to small states". However others argue that the Connecticut Compromise was deliberately intended by the Founding Fathers to construct the Senate so that each state had equal footing not based on population and contend that the result works well on balance, Booker T Washington remembered Emancipation Day in early 1863 when he was a boy of nine in Virginia:, President Madison returned to Washington by September 1 on which date he issued a proclamation calling on citizens to defend the District of Columbia. Congress returned and assembled in special session on September 19 Due to the destruction of the Capitol and other public buildings they initially met in the Post and Patent Office building! 2.1 Constitution of the United States Union Station is the city's main train station and services approximately 70,000 people each day It is Amtrak's second-busiest station with 4.6 million passengers annually and is the southern terminus for the Northeast Corridor and Acela Express routes Maryland's MARC and Virginia's VRE commuter trains and the Metrorail Red Line also provide service into Union Station. Following renovations in 2011 Union Station became Washington's primary intercity bus transit center. Three major airports serve the District Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport is across the Potomac River from downtown Washington in Arlington Virginia and primarily handles domestic flights Major international flights arrive and depart from Washington Dulles International Airport 26.3 miles (42.3 km) west of the District in Fairfax and Loudoun counties in Virginia Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport is 31.7 miles (51.0 km) northeast of the District in Anne Arundel County Maryland. His article is about the capital of the United States For the state on the U.S West Coast see Washington (state) For the former district in the Pacific Northwest see Columbia District For the history of the District of Columbia as a separate legal entity see District of Columbia (until 1871) for other uses see United States capital (disambiguation) and Washington (disambiguation). .
! 5.1 Capitals that are not the seat of government, Dulles originally used airport code DIA the initials of Dulles International Airport When handwritten it was often misread as DCA the code for Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport so in 1968 Dulles' code was changed to IAD!
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