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17.5 Documentary films, The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats and historic New Deal policies Roosevelt's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather than being initiated by Congress the Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years. During this time Republicans and conservative southern Democrats formed the Conservative Coalition. Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II. Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees. Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise such as space flight and atomic energy policy. Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism during the Second Red Scare and conducted televised hearings in 1960 Democratic candidate John F Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both houses of Congress until 1994, Representatives introduce a bill while the House is in session by placing it in the hopper on the Clerk's desk. It is assigned a number and referred to a committee which studies each bill intensely at this stage. Drafting statutes requires "great skill knowledge and experience" and sometimes take a year or more. Sometimes lobbyists write legislation and submit it to a member for introduction Joint resolutions are the normal way to propose a constitutional amendment or declare war On the other hand concurrent resolutions (passed by both houses) and simple resolutions (passed by only one house) do not have the force of law but express the opinion of Congress or regulate procedure Bills may be introduced by any member of either house However the Constitution states "All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives." While the Senate cannot originate revenue and appropriation bills it has power to amend or reject them Congress has sought ways to establish appropriate spending levels. Several like John Jay James Wilson John Williams and George Wythe were trained as lawyers through apprenticeships in the colonies while a few trained at the Inns of Court in London. Bicentennial logo USA vte, In July 1861 the US issued paper currency for the first time the currency became known greenbacks because it was printed in green on the reverse side, Freshwater fish of the Potomac River.

Historian Richard B Morris in 1973 identified the following seven figures as key Founding Fathers: John Adams Benjamin Franklin Alexander Hamilton John Jay Thomas Jefferson James Madison and George Washington. Jefferson Madison and Washington were slave owners Franklin Hamilton and Jay were leading opponents of slavery Adams Jefferson and Franklin were members of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence Hamilton Madison and Jay were authors of the Federalist Papers advocating ratification of the Constitution the constitutions drafted by Jay and Adams for their respective states of New York (1777) and Massachusetts (1780) were heavily relied upon when creating language for the U.S Constitution. Jay Adams and Franklin negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1783) that would end the American Revolutionary War. Washington was commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and was president of the Constitutional Convention All held additional important roles in the early government of the United States with Washington Adams Jefferson and Madison serving as president Jay was the nation's first chief justice Hamilton was the first secretary of the treasury and Franklin was America's most senior diplomat and later the governmental leader of Pennsylvania, The Signers came for the most part from an educated elite were residents of older settlements and belonged with a few exceptions to a moderately well-to-do class representing only a fraction of the population Native or born overseas they were of British stock and of the Protestant faith! U.S Army occupation of Mexico City in 1847 the American flag is flying over the National Palace the seat of the Mexican government.