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17.3 Oral histories and autobiographies of ex-slaves, By 1815 the domestic slave trade had become a major economic activity in the United States; it lasted until the 1860s. Between 1830 and 1840 nearly 250,000 slaves were taken across state lines in the 1850s more than 193,000 were transported and historians estimate nearly one million in total took part in the forced migration of this new Middle Passage by 1860 the slave population in the United States had reached 4 million. Of all 1,515,605 free families in the fifteen slave states in 1860 nearly 400,000 held slaves (roughly one in four or 25%), amounting to 8% of all American families, Status of African Americans! Other Washington properties "The victories in Mexico were in every instance over vastly superior numbers There were two reasons for this Both General Scott and General Taylor had such armies as are not often got together At the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca-de-la-Palma General Taylor had a small army but it was composed exclusively of regular troops under the best of drill and discipline Every officer from the highest to the lowest was educated in his profession not at West Point necessarily but in the camp in garrison and many of them in Indian wars the rank and file were probably inferior as material out of which to make an army to the volunteers that participated in all the later battles of the war; but they were brave men and then drill and discipline brought out all there was in them a better army man for man probably never faced an enemy than the one commanded by General Taylor in the earliest two engagements of the Mexican war the volunteers who followed were of better material but without drill or discipline at the start They were associated with so many disciplined men and professionally educated officers that when they went into engagements it was with a confidence they would not have felt otherwise They became soldiers themselves almost at once All these conditions we would enjoy again in case of war.". .

! The Constitution specifies that a majority of members known as a quorum be present before doing business in each house However the rules of each house assume that a quorum is present unless a quorum call demonstrates the contrary and debate often continues despite the lack of a majority, Beginning in 1777 Congress repeatedly asked the states to provide money but the states had no system of taxation and were of little help by 1780 Congress was making requisitions for specific supplies of corn beef pork and other necessities an inefficient system which barely kept the army alive. Starting in 1776 the Congress sought to raise money by loans from wealthy individuals promising to redeem the bonds after the war the bonds were in fact redeemed in 1791 at face value but the scheme raised little money because Americans had little specie and many of the rich merchants were supporters of the Crown the French secretly supplied the Americans with money gunpowder and munitions in order to weaken Great Britain; the subsidies continued when France entered the war in 1778 and the French government and Paris bankers lent large sums to the American war effort These loans were repaid in full in the 1790s! Sociologist Barry Schwartz argues that in the 1930s and 1940s the memory of Abraham Lincoln was practically sacred and provided the nation with "a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life" During the Great Depression he argues Lincoln served "as a means for seeing the world's disappointments for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful" Franklin D Roosevelt preparing America for war used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan Americans asked "What would Lincoln do?":xi 9 24 However Schwartz also finds that since World War II Lincoln's symbolic power has lost relevance and this "fading hero is symptomatic of fading confidence in national greatness" He suggested that postmodernism and multiculturalism have diluted greatness as a concept.:xi 9! Of total On March 5 1770 a large crowd gathered around a group of British soldiers the crowd grew threatening throwing snowballs rocks and debris at them One soldier was clubbed and fell. There was no order to fire but the soldiers fired into the crowd anyway They hit 11 people; three civilians died at the scene of the shooting and two died after the incident the event quickly came to be called the Boston Massacre the soldiers were tried and acquitted (defended by John Adams) but the widespread descriptions soon began to turn colonial sentiment against the British This in turn began a downward spiral in the relationship between Britain and the Province of Massachusetts. ! John Collins Rhode Island 1 Yes Sugar Maple Bhubaneswar Odisha India (1948). .