. Seneca Chief Sagoyewatha was Washington's peace emissary with the Western Confederation, Mexico had issued a proclamation that unnaturalized foreigners were no longer permitted to have land in California and were subject to expulsion. With rumors swirling that General Castro was massing an army against them American settlers in the Sacramento Valley banded together to meet the threat. On June 14 1846 34 American settlers seized control of the undefended Mexican government outpost of Sonoma to forestall Castro's plans. One settler created the Bear Flag and raised it over Sonoma Plaza Within a week 70 more volunteers joined the rebels' force, which grew to nearly 300 in early July. This event led by William B Ide became known as the Bear Flag Revolt, A 2007 report found that about one-third of District residents were functionally illiterate compared to a national rate of about one in five This is attributed in part to immigrants who are not proficient in English as of 2011 85% of D.C residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language. Half of residents had at least a four-year college degree in 2006 in 2017 the median household income in D.C was $77,649; also in 2017 D.C residents had a personal income per capita of $50,832 (higher than any of the 50 states). However 19% of residents were below the poverty level in 2005 higher than any state except Mississippi.[f]. A few prominent Founding Fathers were anti-clerical Christians such as Thomas Jefferson, who constructed the Jefferson Bible and Benjamin Franklin. . .
11 Barbary pirates 6.7.1 San Patricios, Prior to World War II Hoover Field was the main commercial airport serving Washington on the site now occupied by the Pentagon and its parking lots it was replaced by Washington National Airport in 1941 a short distance southeast After the war in 1948 the Civil Aeronautics Administration began to consider sites for a second major airport to serve the nation's capital. Congress passed the Washington Airport Act in 1950 to provide funding for a new airport in the region the initial CAA proposal in 1951 called for the airport to be built in Fairfax County near what is now Burke Lake Park but protests from residents as well as the rapid expansion of Washington's suburbs during the time led to reconsideration of this plan. One competing plan called for the airport to be built in the Pender area of Fairfax County while another called for the conversion of Andrews Air Force Base in Prince George's County Maryland into an airport, Yale College: Oliver Wolcott. ; . . 7.5 Other enactments Saint-Domingue (French) 8.2% The Virginia Regiment was reconstituted in August 1755 and Dinwiddie appointed Washington its commander again with the colonial rank of colonel Washington clashed over seniority almost immediately this time with John Dagworthy another captain of superior royal rank who commanded a detachment of Marylanders at the regiment's headquarters in Fort Cumberland. Washington impatient for an offensive against Fort Duquesne was convinced Braddock would have granted him a royal commission and pressed his case in February 1756 with Braddock's successor William Shirley and again in January 1757 with Shirley's successor Lord Loudoun Shirley ruled in Washington's favor only in the matter of Dagworthy; Loudoun humiliated Washington refused him a royal commission and agreed only to relieve him of the responsibility of manning Fort Cumberland. Freemasonry was a widely accepted institution in the late 18th century known for advocating moral teachings. Washington was attracted to the Masons' dedication to the Enlightenment principles of rationality reason and brotherhood the American Masonic lodges did not share the anti-clerical perspective of the controversial European lodges a Masonic lodge was established in Fredericksburg in September 1752 and Washington was initiated two months later at the age of 20 as one of its first Entered Apprentices Within a year he progressed through its ranks to become a Master Mason. Before and during the American Revolution he used Masonic lodges as meeting places to plot against the British.[citation needed] He had a high regard for the Masonic Order but his personal lodge attendance was sporadic in 1777 a convention of Virginia lodges asked him to be the Grand Master of the newly established Grand Lodge of Virginia but he declined due to his commitments leading the Continental Army After 1782 he corresponded frequently with Masonic lodges and members and he was listed as Master in the Virginia charter of Alexandria Lodge No 22 in 1788.
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