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On May 8 Zachary Taylor and 2,400 troops arrived to relieve the fort. However General Arista rushed north and intercepted him with a force of 3,400 at Palo Alto the U.S Army employed "flying artillery" their term for horse artillery a type of mobile light artillery that was mounted on horse carriages with the entire crew riding horses into battle it had a devastating effect on the Mexican army in contrast to the "flying artillery" of the Americans the Mexican cannons at the Battle of Palo Alto fired at such slow velocities that it was possible for American soldiers to dodge artillery rounds the Mexicans replied with cavalry skirmishes and their own artillery the U.S flying artillery somewhat demoralized the Mexican side and seeking terrain more to their advantage the Mexicans retreated to the far side of a dry riverbed (resaca) during the night it provided a natural fortification but during the retreat Mexican troops were scattered making communication difficult, The debate then moved to the House of Representatives where Fillmore Senator Daniel Webster Douglas Congressman Linn Boyd and Speaker of the House Howell Cobb took the lead in convincing members to support the compromise bills that had been passed in the Senate the Senate's proposed settlement of the Texas-New Mexico boundary faced intense opposition from many Southerners as well as from some Northerners who believed that the Texas did not deserve monetary compensation After a series of close votes that nearly delayed consideration of the issue the House voted to approve a Texas bill similar to that which had been passed by the Sente. Following that vote the House and the Senate quickly agreed on each of the major issues including the banning of the slave trade in Washington the president quickly signed each bill into law save for the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850; he ultimately signed that law as well after Attorney General Crittenden assured him that the law was constitutional. Though some in Texas still favored sending a military expedition into New Mexico in November 1850 the state legislature voted to accept the compromise, The newly founded country of the United States had to create a new government to replace the British Parliament the U.S adopted the Articles of Confederation a declaration that established a national government with a one-house legislature Its ratification by all thirteen colonies gave the second Congress a new name: the Congress of the Confederation which met from 1781 to 1789 the Constitutional Convention took place during the summer of 1787 in Philadelphia. Although the Convention was called to revise the Articles of Confederation the intention from the outset for some including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton was to create a new frame of government rather than amending the existing one the delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention the result of the Convention was the United States Constitution and the replacement of the Continental Congress with the United States Congress. Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy through the enumerated power to "lay and collect Taxes Duties Imposts and Excises to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States" There is vast authority over budgets although analyst Eric Patashnik suggested that much of Congress's power to manage the budget has been lost when the welfare state expanded since "entitlements were institutionally detached from Congress's ordinary legislative routine and rhythm". Another factor leading to less control over the budget was a Keynesian belief that balanced budgets were unnecessary. Boundary Line Map of 1768 move the boundary West, From the Mexican Cession the New Mexico Territory received most of the present-day state of Arizona most of the western part of the present-day state of New Mexico and the southern tip of present-day Nevada (south of the 37th parallel) the territory also received most of present-day eastern New Mexico a portion of present-day Colorado (east of the crest of the Rocky Mountains west of the 103rd meridian and south of the 38th parallel); all of this land had been claimed by Texas, Washington D.C. Business Directory Washington D.C. Business Directory. By late September Patriot-French forces completely surrounded Yorktown trapped the British army and prevented British reinforcements from Clinton in the North while the French Navy was victorious at the Battle of the Chesapeake the final American offensive was begun with a shot fired by Washington the siege ended with a British surrender on October 19 1781; over 7,000 British soldiers were captured in the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War. Washington negotiated the terms of surrender for two days and the official signing ceremony took place on October 19; Cornwallis in fact claimed illness and was absent sending General Charles O'Hara as his proxy. As a gesture of goodwill Washington held a dinner for the American French and British generals all of whom fraternized on friendly terms and identified with one another as members of the same professional military caste.

After Taylor died and was succeeded by Fillmore Douglas took the lead in passing Clay's compromise through Congress as five separate bills Under the compromise Texas surrendered its claims to present-day New Mexico and other states in return for federal assumption of Texas's public debt California was admitted as a free state while the remaining portions of the Mexican Cession were organized into New Mexico Territory and Utah Territory Under the concept of popular sovereignty the people of each territory would decide whether or not slavery would be permitted the compromise also included a more stringent Fugitive Slave Law and banned the slave trade in Washington D.C the issue of slavery in the territories would be re-opened by the Kansas-Nebraska Act but many historians argue that the Compromise of 1850 played a major role in postponing the American Civil War; Seven (Fitzsimons Gorham Luther Martin Mifflin Robert Morris Pierce and Wilson) suffered serious financial reversals that left them in or near bankruptcy Robert Morris spent three of the last years of his life imprisoned following bad land deals. Two Blount and Dayton were involved in possibly treasonous activities Yet as they had done before the convention most of the group continued to render public service particularly to the new government they had helped to create, 13 External links Jefferson and Hamilton adopted diametrically opposed political principles Hamilton believed in a strong national government requiring a national bank and foreign loans to function while Jefferson believed that the government should be primarily directed by the states and the farm element; he also resented the idea of banks and foreign loans to Washington's dismay the two men persistently entered into disputes and infighting. Hamilton demanded that Jefferson resign if he could not support Washington and Jefferson told Washington that Hamilton's fiscal system would lead to the overthrow of the Republic. Washington urged them to call a truce for the nation's sake but they ignored him, Domestic slave trade and forced migration The founding fathers were not unified on the issue of slavery in her study of Thomas Jefferson historian Annette Gordon-Reed discusses this topic "Others of the founders held slaves but no other founder drafted the charter for freedom" in addition to Jefferson George Washington John Jay and many other of the Founding Fathers practiced slavery but were also conflicted by the institution which many saw as immoral and politically divisive. Conversely many founders such as Samuel Adams and John Adams were against slavery their entire lives Benjamin Rush wrote a pamphlet in 1773 which harshly condemned slavery and beseeched the colonists to petition the king and put an end to the British African Company of Merchants which kept slavery and the slave trade going the Continental Association of 1774 contains a clause severely limiting the slave trade as part of the general boycott of British trade. Imported into British North America 12 Further reading According to Herbert Aptheker "there were few phases of ante-bellum Southern life and history that were not in some way influenced by the fear of or the actual outbreak of militant concerted slave action.".