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Further information: No taxation without representation and Virtual representation, Main articles: Capture of Santa Fe and Taos Revolt; Bahia Brazil (Portuguese) 10.7% Congress passed the Organic Act of 1871 which repealed the individual charters of the cities of Washington and Georgetown and created a new territorial government for the whole District of Columbia. President Grant appointed Alexander Robey Shepherd to the position of governor in 1873 Shepherd authorized large-scale projects that greatly modernized the City of Washington but ultimately bankrupted the District government in 1874 Congress replaced the territorial government with an appointed three-member Board of Commissioners! . 14.6 Primary sources 1830 2,009,043 319,599 2,328,642 14% 12,860,702 18% Burning of the Gaspee Post-revolution Southern manumissions. Jefferson and Hamilton adopted diametrically opposed political principles Hamilton believed in a strong national government requiring a national bank and foreign loans to function while Jefferson believed that the government should be primarily directed by the states and the farm element; he also resented the idea of banks and foreign loans to Washington's dismay the two men persistently entered into disputes and infighting. Hamilton demanded that Jefferson resign if he could not support Washington and Jefferson told Washington that Hamilton's fiscal system would lead to the overthrow of the Republic. Washington urged them to call a truce for the nation's sake but they ignored him, The number of enslaved and free blacks rose from 759,000 (60,000 free) in the 1790 US Census to 4,450,000 (11% free or 480,000) a 580% increase in the 1860 US Census the white population from 3.2 million to 27 million an increase of 1180% due to high birth rates and 4.5 million immigrants overwhelmingly from Europe 70% of whom arrived in the years 1840-1860 the percentage of the Black population went from 19.3% to 14.1%. 1790 757,208 19.3% of population of whom 697,681 92% enslaved 1860 4,441,830 14.1% of population of whom 3,953,731 89% enslaved, Percentage of slaves in each county of the slave states in 1860. .

Sunset over the Potomac near Mount Vernon, The abolitionists realizing that the total elimination of slavery was as an immediate goal unrealistic had worked to prevent expansion of slavery into the new states formed out of the Western territories the Missouri Compromise the Compromise of 1850 and the Bleeding Kansas crisis dealt with whether new states would be slave or free or how that was to be decided Both sides were anxious about effects of these decisions on the balance of power in the Senate, During the Spanish colonial era the Californias (i.e. the Baja California peninsula and Alta California) were sparsely settled After Mexico became independent it shut down the missions and reduced its military presence in 1842 the US minister in Mexico Waddy Thompson Jr suggested Mexico might be willing to cede Alta California to settle debts saying: "As to Texas I regard it as of very little value compared with California the richest the most beautiful and the healthiest country in the world . with the acquisition of Upper California we should have the same ascendency on the Pacific . France and England both have had their eyes upon it."[citation needed]. 10 Citations Lincoln mentioned his Emancipation Proclamation to members of his cabinet on July 21 1862 Secretary of State William H Seward told Lincoln to wait for a victory before issuing the proclamation as to do otherwise would seem like "our last shriek on the retreat" in September 1862 the Battle of Antietam provided this opportunity and the subsequent War Governors' Conference added support for the proclamation. Lincoln had already published a letter encouraging the border states especially to accept emancipation as necessary to save the Union Lincoln later said that slavery was "somehow the cause of the war"; . .