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. . ; . . During the Jefferson administration Congress prohibited the importation of slaves effective 1808 although smuggling (illegal importing) via Spanish Florida was common.:7 Domestic slave trading however continued at a rapid pace driven by labor demands from the development of cotton plantations in the Deep South More than one million slaves were sold from the Upper South which had a surplus of labor and taken to the Deep South in a forced migration splitting up many families New communities of African-American culture were developed in the Deep South and the total slave population in the South eventually reached 4 million before liberation, On November 6 Lincoln was elected the 16th president of the United States He was the first Republican president and his victory was entirely due to his support in the North and West; no ballots were cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states and he won only two of 996 counties in all the Southern states.:61 Lincoln received 1,866,452 votes or 39.8% of the total in a four-way race He won the free Northern states as well as California and Oregon.:350. . .