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Palmas Tocantins Brazil (1989) Under Washington the Virginia Regiment had defended 300 miles (480 km) of frontier against 20 Indian attacks in 10 months. He increased the professionalism of the regiment as it increased from 300 to 1,000 men and Virginia's frontier population suffered less than other colonies Some historians have said this was Washington's "only unqualified success" during the war. Though he failed to realize a royal commission he gained valuable knowledge of British tactics self-confidence and leadership skills the destructive competition Washington witnessed among colonial politicians fostered his later support of strong central government, 1.3 Retrocession and the Civil War Events leading to However the national government had no money either to pay the war debts owed to European nations and the private banks or to pay Americans who had been given millions of dollars of promissory notes for supplies during the war Nationalists led by Washington Alexander Hamilton and other veterans feared that the new nation was too fragile to withstand an international war or even internal revolts such as the Shays' Rebellion of 1786 in Massachusetts They convinced Congress to call the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 and named their party the Federalist party the Convention adopted a new Constitution which provided for a much stronger federal government including an effective executive in a check-and-balance system with the judiciary and legislature the Constitution was ratified in 1788 after a fierce debate in the states over the nature of the proposed new government the new government under President George Washington took office in New York in March 1789. James Madison spearheaded Congressional amendments to the Constitution as assurances to those who were cautious about federal power guaranteeing many of the inalienable rights that formed a foundation for the revolution and Rhode Island was the final state to ratify the Constitution in 1791. Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States by Howard Chandler Christy 1940 Washington is the presiding officer standing at right, the American Civil War. .

The last remaining founders also poetically called the "Last of the Romans" lived well into the nineteenth century the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence was Charles Carroll of Carrollton who died in 1832 the last surviving member of the Continental Congress was John Armstrong Jr who died in 1843 He gained this distinction in 1838 upon the death of the only other surviving delegate Paine Wingate. . . .