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The number of enslaved and free blacks rose from 759,000 (60,000 free) in the 1790 US Census to 4,450,000 (11% free or 480,000) a 580% increase in the 1860 US Census the white population from 3.2 million to 27 million an increase of 1180% due to high birth rates and 4.5 million immigrants overwhelmingly from Europe 70% of whom arrived in the years 1840-1860 the percentage of the Black population went from 19.3% to 14.1%. 1790 757,208 19.3% of population of whom 697,681 92% enslaved 1860 4,441,830 14.1% of population of whom 3,953,731 89% enslaved, From late 1848 Americans and foreigners of many different countries rushed into California for the California Gold Rush exponentially increasing the population in response to growing demand for a better more representative government a Constitutional Convention was held in 1849 the delegates unanimously outlawed slavery They had no interest in extending the Missouri Compromise Line through California and splitting the state; the lightly-populated southern half never had slavery and was heavily Hispanic. The Spanish and the Dutch became allies of the French in 1779 and 1780 respectively forcing the British to fight a global war without major allies and requiring it to slip through a combined blockade of the Atlantic Britain began to view the American war for independence as merely one front in a wider war, and the British chose to withdraw troops from America to reinforce the sugar-producing Caribbean colonies which were more lucrative to British investors British commander Sir Henry Clinton evacuated Philadelphia and returned to New York City General Washington intercepted him in the Battle of Monmouth Court House the last major battle fought in the north After an inconclusive engagement the British retreated to New York City the northern war subsequently became a stalemate as the focus of attention shifted to the smaller southern theater.

Booth was tracked to a farm in Virginia Refusing to surrender he was shot on April 26.:153:599, After Taylor died and was succeeded by Fillmore Douglas took the lead in passing Clay's compromise through Congress as five separate bills Under the compromise Texas surrendered its claims to present-day New Mexico and other states in return for federal assumption of Texas's public debt California was admitted as a free state while the remaining portions of the Mexican Cession were organized into New Mexico Territory and Utah Territory Under the concept of popular sovereignty the people of each territory would decide whether or not slavery would be permitted the compromise also included a more stringent Fugitive Slave Law and banned the slave trade in Washington D.C the issue of slavery in the territories would be re-opened by the Kansas-Nebraska Act but many historians argue that the Compromise of 1850 played a major role in postponing the American Civil War. Main article: Battle of Long Island Painting by Alonzo Chappel 1858 showing the frantic battle scene of Battle of Long Island with smoke in the background.