National capitals were arguably less important as military objectives in other parts of the world including the West because of socioeconomic trends toward localized authority a strategic modus operandi especially popular after the development of feudalism and reaffirmed by the development of democratic and capitalistic philosophies in 1204 after the Latin Crusaders captured the Byzantine capital Constantinople Byzantine forces were able to regroup in several provinces; provincial noblemen managed to reconquer the capital after 60 years and preserve the empire for another 200 years after that the British forces sacked various American capitals repeatedly during the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 but American forces could still carry on fighting from the countryside where they enjoyed support from local governments and the traditionally independent civilian frontiersmen Exceptions to these generalizations include highly centralized states such as France whose centralized bureaucracies could effectively coordinate far-flung resources giving the state a powerful advantage over less coherent rivals but risking utter ruin if the capital were taken in their military strategies traditional enemies of France such as Prussia (in the Franco-Prussian War of 1871) focused on the capture of Paris. ; Eastern North America in 1775 the British Province of Quebec the thirteen colonies on the Atlantic coast and the Indian reserve as defined by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 the 1763 Proclamation line is the border between the red and the pink areas while the orange area represents the Spanish claim. Capital cities that also serve as the prime economic population cultural or intellectual centres of a nation or an empire are sometimes referred to as primate cities Examples are Athens Bangkok Brussels Copenhagen Cairo London Mexico City Paris Seoul and Tokyo.
! Washington often visited Mount Vernon and Belvoir the plantation that belonged to Lawrence's father-in-law William Fairfax Fairfax became Washington's patron and surrogate father and Washington spent a month in 1748 with a team surveying Fairfax's Shenandoah Valley property. He received a surveyor's license the following year from the College of William & Mary;[d] Fairfax appointed him surveyor of Culpeper County Virginia and he thus familiarized himself with the frontier region He resigned from the job in 1750 and had bought almost 1,500 acres (600 ha) in the Valley and he owned 2,315 acres (937 ha) by 1752, By the end of the 20th century notable success had been achieved as massive algal blooms vanished and recreational fishing and boating rebounded Still the aquatic habitat of the Potomac River and its tributaries remain vulnerable to eutrophication heavy metals pesticides and other toxic chemicals over-fishing alien species and pathogens associated with fecal coliform bacteria and shellfish diseases in 2005 two federal agencies the US Geological Survey and the Fish and Wildlife Service began to identify fish in the Potomac and tributaries that exhibited "intersex" characteristics as a result of endocrine disruption caused by some form of pollution, Ownership of slaves and position on slavery. . . ; . U.S journalism during the war The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats and historic New Deal policies Roosevelt's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather than being initiated by Congress the Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years. During this time Republicans and conservative southern Democrats formed the Conservative Coalition. Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II. Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees. Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise such as space flight and atomic energy policy. Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism during the Second Red Scare and conducted televised hearings in 1960 Democratic candidate John F Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both houses of Congress until 1994.
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