North American University (NAU)

. Main article: Congressional Budget Office, 8 Further reading The Founding Fathers were strong advocates of republican values particularly Samuel Adams Patrick Henry John Adams Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine George Washington James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, which required men to put civic duty ahead of their personal desires Men had a civic duty to be prepared and willing to fight for the rights and liberties of their countrymen John Adams wrote to Mercy Otis Warren in 1776 agreeing with some classical Greek and Roman thinkers: "Public Virtue cannot exist without private and public Virtue is the only Foundation of Republics." He continued:, The consequent American Civil War beginning in 1861 led to the end of chattel slavery in America Not long after the war broke out through a legal maneuver credited to Union General Benjamin F Butler a lawyer by profession slaves who came into Union "possession" were considered "contraband of war" General Butler ruled that they were not subject to return to Confederate owners as they had been before the war Soon word spread and many slaves sought refuge in Union territory desiring to be declared "contraband" Many of the "contrabands" joined the Union Army as workers or troops forming entire regiments of the U.S Colored Troops Others went to refugee camps such as the Grand Contraband Camp near Fort Monroe or fled to northern cities General Butler's interpretation was reinforced when Congress passed the Confiscation Act of 1861 which declared that any property used by the Confederate military including slaves could be confiscated by Union forces.

. . The impeachment trial of President Clinton in 1999 Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding; See also: Presidency of Franklin Pierce and Origins of the American Civil War, State volunteers were raised in various sized units and for various periods of time mostly for one year Later some were raised for the duration of the war as it became clear it was going to last longer than a year, The constitutional basis for convict leasing is that the Thirteenth Amendment while abolishing slavery and involuntary servitude generally expressly permits it as a punishment for crime. Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats and historic New Deal policies Roosevelt's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather than being initiated by Congress the Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years. During this time Republicans and conservative southern Democrats formed the Conservative Coalition. Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II. Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees. Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise such as space flight and atomic energy policy. Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism during the Second Red Scare and conducted televised hearings in 1960 Democratic candidate John F Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both houses of Congress until 1994.