San Ramon Regional Medical Center

. . . In 1773 private letters were published in which Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson claimed that the colonists could not enjoy all English liberties and Lieutenant Governor Andrew Oliver called for the direct payment of colonial officials the letters' contents were used as evidence of a systematic plot against American rights and discredited Hutchinson in the eyes of the people; the Assembly petitioned for his recall Benjamin Franklin postmaster general for the colonies acknowledged that he leaked the letters which led to him being berated by British officials and fired from his job, Washington D.C. Business Directory College of Philadelphia later merged into the University of Pennsylvania: Hugh Williamson. Taylor died in July 1850 and was succeeded by Vice President Fillmore who had privately come to support Clay's proposal the various bills were initially combined into one "omnibus" bill Despite Clay's efforts it failed in a crucial vote on July 31 opposed by southern Democrats and by northern Whigs He announced on the Senate floor the next day that he intended to pass each individual part of the bill the 73-year-old Clay however was physically exhausted as the effects of tuberculosis which would eventually kill him began to take their toll Clay left the Senate to recuperate in Newport Rhode Island and Senator Stephen A Douglas took the lead in attempting to pass Clay's proposals through the Senate. South Branch Potomac River, The British government already at war with Napoleonic France adopted a defensive strategy against the United States when the Americans declared war in 1812 Reinforcements were held back from Canada and reliance was instead made on local militias and native allies to bolster the British Army in Canada However after the defeat and exile of Napoleon Bonaparte in April 1814 Britain was able to use its now available troops and ships to prosecute its war with the United States in addition to reinforcements sent to Canada the Earl of Bathurst Secretary of State for War and the Colonies dispatched an army brigade and additional naval vessels to Bermuda from where a blockade of the US coast and even the occupation of some coastal islands had been overseen throughout the war it was decided to use these forces in raids along the Atlantic seaboard to draw American forces away from Canada the commanders were under strict orders however not to carry out operations far inland or to attempt to hold territory Early in 1814 Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane had been appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Navy's North America and West Indies Station controlling naval forces based at the new Bermuda dockyard and the Halifax Naval Yard which were used to blockade US Atlantic ports throughout the war He planned to carry the war into the United States by attacks in Virginia and against New Orleans, Part of the Politics series on!

Elbridge Gerry was a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress Congress can establish post offices and post roads issue patents and copyrights fix standards of weights and measures establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court and "make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States or in any Department or Officer thereof" Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union. The Constitution guarantees absolute freedom of debate in both houses providing in the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution that "for any Speech or Debate in either House they shall not be questioned in any other Place" Accordingly a member of Congress may not be sued in court for slander because of remarks made in either house although each house has its own rules restricting offensive speeches and may punish members who transgress, During the colonial period the status of slaves was affected by interpretations related to the status of foreigners in England England had no system of naturalizing immigrants to its island or its colonies Since persons of African origins were not English subjects by birth they were among those peoples considered foreigners and generally outside English common law the colonies struggled with how to classify people born to foreigners and subjects in 1656 Virginia Elizabeth Key Grinstead a mixed-race woman successfully gained her freedom and that of her son in a challenge to her status by making her case as the baptized Christian daughter of the free Englishman Thomas Key Her attorney was an English subject which may have helped her case (He was also the father of her mixed-race son and the couple married after Key was freed.). Washington's army of 11,000 went into winter quarters at Valley Forge north of Philadelphia in December 1777 They suffered between 2,000 and 3,000 deaths in extreme cold over six months mostly from disease and lack of food clothing and shelter. Meanwhile the British were comfortably quartered in Philadelphia paying for supplies in pounds sterling while Washington struggled with a devalued American paper currency the woodlands were soon exhausted of game and by February morale and increased desertions ensued.