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Slaves also created their own religious observances meeting alone without the supervision of their white masters or ministers the larger plantations with groups of slaves numbering twenty or more tended to be centers of nighttime meetings of one or several plantation slave populations. These congregations revolved around a singular preacher often illiterate with limited knowledge of theology who was marked by his personal piety and ability to foster a spiritual environment African Americans developed a theology related to Biblical stories having the most meaning for them including the hope for deliverance from slavery by their own Exodus One lasting influence of these secret congregations is the African-American spiritual, In 2009 President Barack Obama held a ceremony at the White House to honor Jennings as a representative of his contributions to saving the Gilbert Stuart painting and other valuables (The painting that was saved was a copy Stuart made of the painting not the original, although it is the same one on display in the East Room.) "A dozen descendants of Jennings came to Washington to visit the White House They looked at the painting their relative helped save." in an interview with National Public Radio Jennings' great-great-grandson Hugh Alexander said "We were able to take a family portrait in front of the painting which was for me one of the high points." He confirmed that Jennings later purchased his freedom from the widowed Dolley Madison, On July 9 1790 Congress passed the Residence Act which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River the exact location was to be selected by President George Washington who signed the bill into law on July 16 Formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles (16 km) on each side totaling 100 square miles (259 km2).[b]. Overview of congressional power Slave traders were men of low reputation even in the South in the 1828 presidential election candidate Andrew Jackson was strongly criticized by opponents as a slave trader who transacted in slaves in defiance of modern standards or morality. Mr Armfield remained in Alexandria doing the purchasing with agents in Richmond and Warrenton Virginia and Baltimore Frederick and Easton Maryland (on Maryland's Eastern Shore near Delaware) Mr Franklin handled the selling out of New Orleans and Natchez Mississippi with offices in St Francisville and Vidalia Louisiana Their partnership grew to the point that when the partnership was dissolved in 1836 and the business sold they owned six ships for the sole purpose of transporting slaves with monthly and then biweekly sailings (The ships carried agricultural products on the return trips.) One of them the Isaac Franklin was built for them. There are many private art museums in the District of Columbia which house major collections and exhibits open to the public such as the National Museum of Women in the Arts and the Phillips Collection in Dupont Circle the first museum of modern art in the United States. Other private museums in Washington include the Newseum the O Street Museum Foundation the International Spy Museum the National Geographic Society Museum the Marian Koshland Science Museum and the Museum of the Bible the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum near the National Mall maintains exhibits documentation and artifacts related to the Holocaust, The freedmen fought for Britain throughout the Atlantic campaign including the attack on Washington D.C and the Louisiana Campaign Seven hundred of these ex-marines were granted land (they reportedly organised themselves in villages along the lines of their military companies).[citation needed] Many other freed American slaves were recruited directly into existing West Indian regiments or newly created British Army units[citation needed] the British later resettled a few thousand freed slaves at Nova Scotia as they had for freedmen after the Revolution. Some of the earlier freedmen had migrated to Sierra Leone in the late 18th century when it was established as a British colony Descendants have established the Black Loyalist Heritage Museum and website. In 1861 Lincoln expressed the fear that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states He believed that "to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game." at first Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C Fremont (in Missouri) and David Hunter (in South Carolina Georgia and Florida) to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats.

. The Revolution had a strong immediate influence in Great Britain Ireland the Netherlands and France Many British and Irish Whigs spoke in favor of the American cause in Ireland there was a profound impact; the Protestants who controlled Ireland were demanding more and more self-rule Under the leadership of Henry Grattan the so-called "Patriots" forced the reversal of mercantilist prohibitions against trade with other British colonies the King and his cabinet in London could not risk another rebellion on the American model and made a series of concessions to the Patriot faction in Dublin Armed Protestant volunteer units were set up to protect against an invasion from France As in America so too in Ireland the King no longer had a monopoly of lethal force. Patriots John Dickinson Franklin Langdon and Rutledge had been governors or presidents of their states Some accounts report that Washington opposed flogging but at times sanctioned its use generally as a last resort on both male and female slaves. Washington used both reward and punishment to encourage discipline and productivity in his slaves He tried appealing to an individual's sense of pride gave better blankets and clothing to the "most deserving" and motivated his slaves with cash rewards He believed "watchfulness and admonition" to be often better deterrents against transgressions but would punish those who "will not do their duty by fair means." Punishment ranged in severity from demotion back to fieldwork through whipping and beatings to permanent separation from friends and family by sale Historian Ron Chernow maintains that overseers were required to warn slaves before resorting to the lash and required Washington's written permission before whipping though his extended absences did not always permit this. Washington remained dependent on slave labor to work his farms and negotiated the purchase of more slaves in 1786 and 1787. . In the early part of the 19th century other organizations were founded to take action on the future of black Americans Some advocated removing free black people from the United States to places where they would enjoy greater freedom; some endorsed colonization in Africa while others advocated emigration During the 1820s and 1830s the American Colonization Society (ACS) was the primary organization to implement the "return" of black Americans to Africa the ACS was made up mostly of Quakers and slaveholders who found uneasy common ground in support of "repatriation" But by this time most black Americans were native-born and did not want to emigrate; rather they wanted full rights in the United States where their people had lived and worked for generations.