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John Dickinson authored the first draft of the Articles of Confederation in 1776 while serving in the Continental Congress as a delegate from Pennsylvania and signed them late the following year after being elected to Congress as a delegate from Delaware, "The Storm that Saved Washington", Beginning in the 19th century with increasing mining and agriculture upstream and urban sewage and runoff downstream the water quality of the Potomac River deteriorated This created conditions of severe eutrophication It is said that President Abraham Lincoln used to escape to the highlands on summer nights to escape the river's stench in the 1960s with dense green algal blooms covering the river's surface President Lyndon Johnson declared the river "a national disgrace" and set in motion a long-term effort to reduce pollution from sewage and restore the beauty and ecology of this historic river One of significant pollution control projects at the time was the expansion of the Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant which serves Washington and several surrounding communities. Enactment of the 1972 Clean Water Act led to construction or expansion of additional sewage treatment plants in the Potomac watershed Controls on phosphorus one of the principal contributors to eutrophication were implemented in the 1980s through sewage plant upgrades and restrictions on phosphorus in detergents. Maj Gen The independent Republic of Texas won the decisive Battle of San Jacinto (April 21 1836) against Mexico and captured Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna He signed the Treaties of Velasco which recognized the Rio Grande as the boundary of the Republic of Texas the treaties were then repudiated by the government of Mexico which insisted that Mexico remained sovereign over Texas since Santa Anna had signed the treaty under coercion and promised to reclaim the lost territories to the extent that there was a de facto recognition Mexico treated the Nueces River as its northern boundary control a vast largely-unsettled area was between the two rivers Neither Mexico nor the Republic of Texas had the military strength to assert its territorial claim On December 29 1845 the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States and became the 28th state Texas was staunchly committed to slavery with its constitution making it illegal for the legislature to free slaves, Andrew Johnson 1865 Gandhinagar Gujarat India (1960) National debt Union nationalism as envisioned by Lincoln "helped lead America to the nationalism of Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Delano Roosevelt.":222. ; 9.3 King George III In 1861 Lincoln expressed the fear that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states He believed that "to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game." at first Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C Fremont (in Missouri) and David Hunter (in South Carolina Georgia and Florida) to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats, 1856 campaign "Republican motherhood" became the ideal for American women exemplified by Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren; the first duty of the republican woman was to instill republican values in her children and to avoid luxury and ostentation.

7 Presidency 4.10 Slave rebellions Lincoln's portrait appears on two denominations of United States currency the penny and the $5 bill His likeness also appears on many postage stamps and he has been memorialized in many town city and county names,:194 including the capital of Nebraska. While he is usually portrayed bearded he first grew a beard in 1860 at the suggestion of 11-year-old Grace Bedell. In the mid-20th century historian Leonard Woods Labaree identified eight characteristics of the Loyalists that made them essentially conservative opposite to the characteristics of the Patriots. Loyalists tended to feel that resistance to the Crown was morally wrong while the Patriots thought that morality was on their side. Loyalists were alienated when the Patriots resorted to violence such as burning houses and tarring and feathering Loyalists wanted to take a centrist position and resisted the Patriots' demand to declare their opposition to the Crown Many Loyalists had maintained strong and long-standing relations with Britain especially merchants in port cities such as New York and Boston. Many Loyalists felt that independence was bound to come eventually but they were fearful that revolution might lead to anarchy tyranny or mob rule in contrast the prevailing attitude among Patriots was a desire to seize the initiative. Labaree also wrote that Loyalists were pessimists who lacked the confidence in the future displayed by the Patriots, Some accounts report that Washington opposed flogging but at times sanctioned its use generally as a last resort on both male and female slaves. Washington used both reward and punishment to encourage discipline and productivity in his slaves He tried appealing to an individual's sense of pride gave better blankets and clothing to the "most deserving" and motivated his slaves with cash rewards He believed "watchfulness and admonition" to be often better deterrents against transgressions but would punish those who "will not do their duty by fair means." Punishment ranged in severity from demotion back to fieldwork through whipping and beatings to permanent separation from friends and family by sale Historian Ron Chernow maintains that overseers were required to warn slaves before resorting to the lash and required Washington's written permission before whipping though his extended absences did not always permit this. Washington remained dependent on slave labor to work his farms and negotiated the purchase of more slaves in 1786 and 1787, During the ensuing battle the U.S breached a wall of the church and directed cannon fire into the interior inflicting many casualties and killing about 150 rebels They captured 400 more men after close hand-to-hand fighting Only seven Americans died in the battle. . The newly founded country of the United States had to create a new government to replace the British Parliament the U.S adopted the Articles of Confederation a declaration that established a national government with a one-house legislature Its ratification by all thirteen colonies gave the second Congress a new name: the Congress of the Confederation which met from 1781 to 1789 the Constitutional Convention took place during the summer of 1787 in Philadelphia. Although the Convention was called to revise the Articles of Confederation the intention from the outset for some including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton was to create a new frame of government rather than amending the existing one the delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention the result of the Convention was the United States Constitution and the replacement of the Continental Congress with the United States Congress! . 15.1 Guides bibliographies and collections Under Washington the Virginia Regiment had defended 300 miles (480 km) of frontier against 20 Indian attacks in 10 months. He increased the professionalism of the regiment as it increased from 300 to 1,000 men and Virginia's frontier population suffered less than other colonies Some historians have said this was Washington's "only unqualified success" during the war. Though he failed to realize a royal commission he gained valuable knowledge of British tactics self-confidence and leadership skills the destructive competition Washington witnessed among colonial politicians fostered his later support of strong central government; .