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Charles Carroll of Carrollton Maryland 1 Yes 10.1 Notes Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 1863 was a powerful action that promised freedom for slaves in the Confederacy as soon as the Union armies reached them and authorized the enlistment of African Americans in the Union Army the Emancipation Proclamation did not free slaves in the Union-allied slave-holding states that bordered the Confederacy Since the Confederate States did not recognize the authority of President Lincoln and the proclamation did not apply in the border states at first the proclamation freed only those slaves who had escaped behind Union lines the proclamation made the abolition of slavery an official war goal that was implemented as the Union took territory from the Confederacy According to the Census of 1860 this policy would free nearly four million slaves or over 12% of the total population of the United States. ; ; 1.1 Roots of the conflict in North Mexico Richard S Ewell, The Constitution guarantees absolute freedom of debate in both houses providing in the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution that "for any Speech or Debate in either House they shall not be questioned in any other Place" Accordingly a member of Congress may not be sued in court for slander because of remarks made in either house although each house has its own rules restricting offensive speeches and may punish members who transgress. Edmund Pendleton Virginia 1 Yes The independent Republic of Texas won the decisive Battle of San Jacinto (April 21 1836) against Mexico and captured Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna He signed the Treaties of Velasco which recognized the Rio Grande as the boundary of the Republic of Texas the treaties were then repudiated by the government of Mexico which insisted that Mexico remained sovereign over Texas since Santa Anna had signed the treaty under coercion and promised to reclaim the lost territories to the extent that there was a de facto recognition Mexico treated the Nueces River as its northern boundary control a vast largely-unsettled area was between the two rivers Neither Mexico nor the Republic of Texas had the military strength to assert its territorial claim On December 29 1845 the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States and became the 28th state Texas was staunchly committed to slavery with its constitution making it illegal for the legislature to free slaves, Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense published in 1776 3.1 Taylor takes office.

Charles Pinckney South Carolina 1 Yes U.S journalism during the war The harsh conditions on the frontier increased slave resistance and led owners and overseers to rely on violence for control Many of the slaves were new to cotton fields and unaccustomed to the "sunrise-to-sunset gang labor" required by their new life Slaves were driven much harder than when they had been in growing tobacco or wheat back east Slaves had less time and opportunity to improve the quality of their lives by raising their own livestock or tending vegetable gardens for either their own consumption or trade as they could in the east. Good public policy Legislators who "burnish a reputation for policy expertise and leadership", William Wells Brown who escaped to freedom reported that on one plantation slave men were required to pick 80 pounds per day of cotton while women were required to pick 70 pounds; if any slave failed in his or her quota they were subject to whip lashes for each pound they were short the whipping post stood next to the cotton scales a New York man who attended a slave auction in the mid-19th century reported that at least three-quarters of the male slaves he saw at sale had scars on their backs from whipping by contrast small slave-owning families had closer relationships between the owners and slaves; this sometimes resulted in a more humane environment but was not a given, Washington taking command of the Continental Army just before the Siege. Senators face reelection every six years and representatives every two Reelections encourage candidates to focus their publicity efforts at their home states or districts. Running for reelection can be a grueling process of distant travel and fund-raising which distracts senators and representatives from paying attention to governing according to some critics. Although others respond that the process is necessary to keep members of Congress in touch with voters, 11 Historical reputation and legacy, There are few I believe in this enlightened age who will not acknowledge that slavery as an institution is a moral and political evil It is idle to expatiate on its disadvantages I think it is a greater evil to the white than to the colored race While my feelings are strongly enlisted in behalf of the latter my sympathies are more deeply engaged for the former the blacks are immeasurably better off here than in Africa morally physically and socially the painful discipline they are undergoing is necessary for their further instruction as a race and will prepare them I hope for better things How long their servitude may be necessary is known and ordered by a merciful Providence. . Contents Article I of the Constitution creates and sets forth the structure and most of the powers of Congress Sections One through Six describe how Congress is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state some of which may only be granted by Congress. Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers Congress also has implied powers derived from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause. Agitation against slavery National Bank Origins and Percentages of Africans William Few Georgia 1 Yes! 10.1 France and Spain Further information: Slave and free states 5.2 Public transportation.