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First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln by Francis Bicknell Carpenter (1864) Seated suits behind a microphone Library of Congress Jefferson Building. Native Americans Main articles: Education during the Slave Period and Education of freed people during the Civil War, During the Jefferson administration Congress prohibited the importation of slaves effective 1808 although smuggling (illegal importing) via Spanish Florida was common.:7 Domestic slave trading however continued at a rapid pace driven by labor demands from the development of cotton plantations in the Deep South More than one million slaves were sold from the Upper South which had a surplus of labor and taken to the Deep South in a forced migration splitting up many families New communities of African-American culture were developed in the Deep South and the total slave population in the South eventually reached 4 million before liberation, 9 Impact of the war in the United States. Origins They constituted less than 5% of the twelve million enslaved people brought from Africa to the Americas the great majority of enslaved Africans were transported to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil as life expectancy was short their numbers had to be continually replenished Life expectancy was much higher in the U.S and the enslaved population was successful in reproduction the number of enslaved people in the U.S grew rapidly reaching 4 million by the 1860 Census From 1770 to 1860 the rate of natural growth of North American enslaved people was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe and it was nearly twice as rapid as that of England.
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