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! In July 1777 British General John Burgoyne led the Saratoga campaign south from Quebec through Lake Champlain and recaptured Fort Ticonderoga with the objective of dividing New England including control of the Hudson River But General Howe in British-occupied New York blundered taking his army south to Philadelphia rather than up the Hudson River to join Burgoyne near Albany. Meanwhile Washington and Lafayette rushed to Philadelphia to engage Howe and were shocked to learn of Burgoyne's progress in upstate New York where the Patriots were led by General Philip Schuyler and successor Horatio Gates Washington's army of less experienced men were defeated in the pitched battles at Philadelphia, The Potomac River (/p?'to?m?k/ (About this soundlisten)) is found within the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States and flows from the Potomac Highlands into the Chesapeake Bay the river (main stem and North Branch) is approximately 405 miles (652 km) long, with a drainage area of about 14,700 square miles (38,000 km2) in terms of area this makes the Potomac River the fourth largest river along the Atlantic coast of the United States and the 21st largest in the United States Over 5 million people live within the Potomac watershed. Washington was concerned with Howe's movements during the Saratoga campaign to the north and he was also aware that Burgoyne was moving south toward Saratoga from Quebec Washington took some risks to support Gates' army sending reinforcements north with Generals Benedict Arnold his most aggressive field commander and Benjamin Lincoln On October 7 1777 Burgoyne tried to take Bemis Heights but was isolated from support by Howe He was forced to retreat to Saratoga and ultimately surrendered after the Battles of Saratoga as Washington suspected Gates's victory emboldened his critics. Biographer John Alden maintains "It was inevitable that the defeats of Washington's forces and the concurrent victory of the forces in upper New York should be compared." the admiration for Washington was waning including little credit from John Adams. British commander Howe resigned in May 1778 left America forever and was replaced by Sir Henry Clinton. . Post-constitution life, Nevertheless incumbent members of Congress running for reelection have strong advantages over challengers. They raise more money because donors fund incumbents over challengers perceiving the former as more likely to win and donations are vital for winning elections. One critic compared being elected to Congress to receiving life tenure at a university. Another advantage for representatives is the practice of gerrymandering. After each ten-year census states are allocated representatives based on population and officials in power can choose how to draw the congressional district boundaries to support candidates from their party As a result reelection rates of members of Congress hover around 90 percent, causing some critics to accuse them of being a privileged class. Academics such as Princeton's Stephen Macedo have proposed solutions to fix gerrymandering in the U.S Both senators and representatives enjoy free mailing privileges called franking privileges; while these are not intended for electioneering this rule is often skirted by borderline election-related mailings during campaigns, The Spanish and the Dutch became allies of the French in 1779 and 1780 respectively forcing the British to fight a global war without major allies and requiring it to slip through a combined blockade of the Atlantic Britain began to view the American war for independence as merely one front in a wider war, and the British chose to withdraw troops from America to reinforce the sugar-producing Caribbean colonies which were more lucrative to British investors British commander Sir Henry Clinton evacuated Philadelphia and returned to New York City General Washington intercepted him in the Battle of Monmouth Court House the last major battle fought in the north After an inconclusive engagement the British retreated to New York City the northern war subsequently became a stalemate as the focus of attention shifted to the smaller southern theater. 1994 56.0% 102,884 41.9% 76,902 Paris peace treaty African-American history and culture scholar Henry Louis Gates Jr wrote:.

In February 1786 Washington took a census of Mount Vernon and recorded 224 slaves by 1799 slaves at Mount Vernon totaled 317 that included 143 children. Washington owned 124 slaves leased 40 slaves and held 153 slaves for his wife's dower interest. Washington supported many slaves who were too young or too old to work greatly increasing Mount Vernon's slave population and causing the plantation to operate at a loss. The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats and historic New Deal policies Roosevelt's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather than being initiated by Congress the Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years. During this time Republicans and conservative southern Democrats formed the Conservative Coalition. Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II. Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees. Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise such as space flight and atomic energy policy. Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism during the Second Red Scare and conducted televised hearings in 1960 Democratic candidate John F Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both houses of Congress until 1994.