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Since members of Congress must advertise heavily on television this usually involves negative advertising which smears an opponent's character without focusing on the issues. Negative advertising is seen as effective because "the messages tend to stick". However these advertisements sour the public on the political process in general as most members of Congress seek to avoid blame. One wrong decision or one damaging television image can mean defeat at the next election which leads to a culture of risk avoidance a need to make policy decisions behind closed doors and concentrating publicity efforts in the members' home districts, Property qualifications for voting and even more substantial requirements for elected positions (though New York and Maryland lowered property qualifications). In the Southwest negotiations failed between federal commissioners and raiding Indian tribes seeking retribution Washington invited Creek Chief Alexander McGillivray and 24 leading chiefs to New York to negotiate a treaty and treated them like foreign dignitaries Knox and McGillivray concluded the Treaty of New York on August 7 1790 in Federal Hall which provided the tribes with agricultural supplies and McGillivray with a rank of Brigadier General Army and a salary of $1,500.

. 1 Background Texas Washington D.C. Business Directory In response Massachusetts patriots issued the Suffolk Resolves and formed an alternative shadow government known as the "Provincial Congress" which began training militia outside British-occupied Boston in September 1774 the First Continental Congress convened consisting of representatives from each of the colonies to serve as a vehicle for deliberation and collective action During secret debates conservative Joseph Galloway proposed the creation of a colonial Parliament that would be able to approve or disapprove of acts of the British Parliament but his idea was not accepted the Congress instead endorsed the proposal of John Adams that Americans would obey Parliament voluntarily but would resist all taxes in disguise Congress called for a boycott beginning on 1 December 1774 of all British goods; it was enforced by new committees authorized by the Congress. The American Revolutionary War began on April 19 1775 with the Battles of Lexington and Concord and the Siege of Boston the colonists were divided over breaking away from British rule and split into two factions: Patriots who rejected British rule and Loyalists who desired to remain subject to the British King. General Thomas Gage was commander of British forces in America at the beginning of the war. Upon hearing the shocking news of the onset of war Washington was "sobered and dismayed" and he hastily departed Mount Vernon on May 4 1775 to join the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. . .